05-30-2024, 04:15 PM
I was reading Zeng et. al. 2023, where it noted the prominent role played by Yumin-related ancestry in the formation of human populations in areas around the Baikal region starting in the early Holocene. It is stated that Transbaikal_EMN_old (irk007.SG and cta016.SG), Transbaikal_EMN (brn001, brn002, brn003, brn008, and others), and Yakutia_LNBA can be partially descended from Yumin-like ancestry, while the remaining of their ancestry is related to Amur-like ancestry.
The authors noted the Yumin-like ancestry among the ancient Yellow River farmers from the Qinghai-Gansu region, but the affinity would reduce once we moved from west to east along the Yellow River.
Previous studies also noted the strange ANA-like ancestry among the Qinghai farmers and ancient Napalese genomes which is not present in YR_MN, quoting from Liu et. al. 2022
It will be interesting to know when this Eastern Steppe ancestry entered into western China or it is autochthonous to this region for very long time.
It should be noted that nearly every male in the Baikal region with Yumin-like ancestry was y-hg N1, especially N1a2-L666, with brn002 having N1a2-F1101 (the so-called East Asian-specific N1a2 line and sister to N1a2-P43). I wonder if Yumin-related groups are the source of N1-L666 and N1-CTS6128 in the Lake Baikal region or if they were sourced from eastern Amur HGs, but it cannot be demonstrated as of now.
Quote:The increased East Asian ancestry of the KhatystyrCave_M_10.2kya individual ~10,000BP from southern Yakutia appears to come mostly from Amur basin-related populations (~61% ancestry from China_AmurRiver_Mesolithic + ~24% ancestry from Cisbaikal_LNBA + ~15% from China_SEastAsia_Coastal_EN; Tables VI. A-16). On the other hand, two individuals (irk007.SG and cta016.SG) from the Baikal and Buryatia regions from ~8,200–8,000 BP who are part of the Transbaikal_EMN_old cluster demonstrate high levels of admixture from an Inland Northeast Asian-related population, represented here by an Early Neolithic Inner Mongolian (i.e. the Yumin individual, under the population label China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN). A total of ~34% to ~51% of their ancestry comes from China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN in two- or three-way models when the rest of ancestry comes from Amur basin-related populations (Table VI. A-17 and 18). This ancestry is retained in Transbaikal_EMN in Buryatia (~7,400 years BP to ~6,000 years BP), which demonstrates near-complete continuity with Transbaikal_EMN_old, and is augmented by further admixture in Mongolia_N_North, which can be modeled as Transbaikal_EMN_old with additional admixture from Inland Northeast Asians
The authors noted the Yumin-like ancestry among the ancient Yellow River farmers from the Qinghai-Gansu region, but the affinity would reduce once we moved from west to east along the Yellow River.
Quote:We note that agriculturalist populations along the Yellow River ~5,300-4,000BP likewise increase in affinity to Inland Neolithic East Asians as we move westward; such affinity peaks in a population of the Upper Yellow River (China_Upper_YR_LN). This suggests that populations related to the Yumin individual may have extended further west between the North China Plain and Mongolian Steppes, and been the source of the increased non-agriculturalist Ancient North Asian/ANA admixture other studies have found among agriculturalists of the Upper Yellow River valley
Previous studies also noted the strange ANA-like ancestry among the Qinghai farmers and ancient Napalese genomes which is not present in YR_MN, quoting from Liu et. al. 2022
Quote:These include Late Neolithic individuals from the Jinchankou and Lajia sites in the Upper Yellow River region belonging to the Qijia culture (ca. 2300-1800 BCE; Upper_YR_LN), individuals from the Late Neolithic Shimao site of Shengedaliang in Shaanxi province (ca. 2250-1950 BCE; Shimao_LN), and those from the Middle Neolithic Miaozigou site in Inner Mongolia (ca. 3550-3050 BCE; Miaozigou_MN). These three groups have a similar genetic profile, deriving ~80% of their ancestry from a gene pool related to the Middle Neolithic individuals of the Yangshao culture sites of Wanggou and Xiaowu in the Central Plain (ca. 4000-3000 BCE; YR_MN) and the remaining ~20% from the Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) gene pool related to Neolithic-era hunter-gatherers from the Devil’s Gate Cave site of the Russian Far East (“DevilsCave_EN”)
Taking Upper_YR_LN and YR_MN as representatives of lowland gene pools, we modeled the relationship between aMMD [Ancient Napal] and Upper_YR_LN/YR_MN via a graph-based approach using qpGraph. YR_MN fails to mimic the primary source of the aMMD groups [Ancient Napal] and present-day Sherpa/Tibetans, mainly due to the extra affinity of aMMD to the ANA gene pool. In contrast, Upper_YR_LN, having a stronger genetic affinity to ANA, is consistently chosen as their primary genetic source in the best- scored graphs.
It will be interesting to know when this Eastern Steppe ancestry entered into western China or it is autochthonous to this region for very long time.
It should be noted that nearly every male in the Baikal region with Yumin-like ancestry was y-hg N1, especially N1a2-L666, with brn002 having N1a2-F1101 (the so-called East Asian-specific N1a2 line and sister to N1a2-P43). I wonder if Yumin-related groups are the source of N1-L666 and N1-CTS6128 in the Lake Baikal region or if they were sourced from eastern Amur HGs, but it cannot be demonstrated as of now.