03-03-2025, 04:28 PM
From a Facebook post by Ted Kandell:
"There is now a big new clue about the origins of Y-DNA haplogroup G:
According to a new analysis by both FTDNA and TheYTree the T2T CHM13-v2.0 alignment of sample cay011 from the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Çayönü dated to 7601 - 7524 calBCE is in Y-DNA haplogroup G and ancestral (negative) for SNPs in both G1-M342 and G2-P287, and therefore is at the root of haplogroup G or it predates one of its two sub-branches.
https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/G-M201/tree
https://www.theytree.com/tree/G
The location of Çayönü in relation to the other earliest ancient Mesolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic haplogroup G samples.
Did G in Çayönü originate somewhere else? Where did most of the people of Early Neolithic Çayönü come from before it was founded about 8800 BCE / 10,800 years ago at the start of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B?
Where G* was found was in what is considered to be 'Upper Mesopotamia', the earliest Neolithic region extending from the Euphrates region of Syria to the 'Stone Mounds' (Taş Tepeler) region of Anatolia that includes such famous megalithic sites such as Göbekli Tepe and Karahan Tepe.
Haplogroup G spread westward into Central and Western Anatolia, and from there to Neolithic Europe. Did G in Neolithic Central Anatolia originate from further east?
From the study of Çayönü that sequenced cay011: 'we identify Upper Mesopotamia as the likely source of eastern gene flow into Neolithic Anatolia, in line with material culture evidence.'
There is a new abstract of an unpublished study of the ancient Neolithic DNA of the Euphrates river valley in Syria. It concludes: 'Ten individuals from Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Mureybet, Dja’de el Mughara and Tell Halula yielded >6,000 SNPs, and were taken forward for downstream computational analyses. Our preliminary results show that these individuals cluster closely with other Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers from Northern Mesopotamia.'
By 'Northern Mesopotamia' they mean Çayönü, the only other place in Northern Mesopotamia from where we have ancient DNA. So according to the latest ancient DNA evidence, Çayönü was settled by Neolithic farmers from the earlier Neolithic settlements further south along the Euphrates in Syria. This then is a plausible region of origin for the earliest haplogroup G branches.
The full abstract of the unpublished study:
'ANCIENT HUMAN DNA PRESERVATION AND GENETIC AFFINITY OF PRE-POTTERY AND POTTERY NEOLITHIC SITES OF NORTHERN SYRIA
Blevins, Kelly (Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK; Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, USA) - Plug, Jo-Hannah (Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, UK) - Akkermans, Peter (Faculteit Archeologie, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands) - Chamel, Bérénice (Laboratoire Archéorient- Jean Pouilloux, UMR 5133. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Universite Lyon, France; Institut Français du Proche-Orient, CNRS, Lebanon) - Coqueugniot, Éric (Laboratoire Archéorient- Jean Pouilloux, UMR 5133. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Universite Lyon, France) - Molist, Miguel (Departament de Prehistoria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain) - Orange, Marie (Laboratoire Archéorient- Jean Pouilloux, UMR 5133. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Universite Lyon, France; Department of Archaeology, Classics and History, University of New England, Australia) - Pearson, Jessica (Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, UK) - Fernández Domínguez, Eva (Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK)
The Neolithic transition in Southwest Asia led to significant changes in population density and modes of subsistence. Around 12,000 years ago, people began living within semi-permanent structures and became at least partially reliant on agriculture. To understand population movement and contact during the transition to farming in the yet unsampled Middle Euphrates region of Northern Syria, we extracted human DNA from 175 petrous portions and dental pulp chambers from 5 sites spanning the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) to the Pottery Neolithic period (9th to 6th millennium BCE): Cheikh Hassan, Dja’de El Mughara, Tell Mureybet, Tell Halula and Tell Sabi Abyad. Modifications to DNA extraction pre-treatments methods allowed us to increase the amount of endogenous DNA in some of the samples, but preservation was still challenging, and less than 10% of the sampled individuals retained enough DNA after in-solution hybridization capture of 1,350K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ten individuals from Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Mureybet, Dja’de el Mughara and Tell Halula yielded >6,000 SNPs, and were taken forward for downstream computational analyses. Our preliminary results show that these individuals cluster closely with other Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers from Northern Mesopotamia and show affinities to Pre-Pottery groups from the Southern Levant, Anatolia and the Zagros, adding to the tapestry of genetic contributions to the first farmers of Southwest Asia.'
The evidence:
cay011 is G-M201* and negative for known sub-branches, as seen in the G tree and the following ancestral (negative) SNPs:
G1-M342:
1 read F858
1 read Y5796;Z17866
1 read Z3176
1 read Z3295
1 read Z3153
1 read FGC89919
G2-P287:
3 reads M3273;PF2895;M3273
G2a-P15:
1 read Y251;Z3140
2 reads Z6471;M3392;Y348
G2b1-M377:
1 read BY973;FGC32372
G-Y279834:
1 read FT385416
1 read FT385866
G-Y82519:
2 reads BY77414
1 read Y89219
1 read BY212767
1 read C137145
1 read Y96257
1 read Y105999
1 read BY87725
1 read Y90751
G-FGC2964:
1 read FGC3083
1 read FGC2998
1 read FGC7842;FTA67264
1 read FGC2975
1 read BY28047;Y104217
1 read FTA6774
Here is the link to the cay011 T2T BAM file, so you can check this yourself."
"There is now a big new clue about the origins of Y-DNA haplogroup G:
According to a new analysis by both FTDNA and TheYTree the T2T CHM13-v2.0 alignment of sample cay011 from the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Çayönü dated to 7601 - 7524 calBCE is in Y-DNA haplogroup G and ancestral (negative) for SNPs in both G1-M342 and G2-P287, and therefore is at the root of haplogroup G or it predates one of its two sub-branches.
https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/G-M201/tree
https://www.theytree.com/tree/G
The location of Çayönü in relation to the other earliest ancient Mesolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic haplogroup G samples.
Did G in Çayönü originate somewhere else? Where did most of the people of Early Neolithic Çayönü come from before it was founded about 8800 BCE / 10,800 years ago at the start of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B?
Where G* was found was in what is considered to be 'Upper Mesopotamia', the earliest Neolithic region extending from the Euphrates region of Syria to the 'Stone Mounds' (Taş Tepeler) region of Anatolia that includes such famous megalithic sites such as Göbekli Tepe and Karahan Tepe.
Haplogroup G spread westward into Central and Western Anatolia, and from there to Neolithic Europe. Did G in Neolithic Central Anatolia originate from further east?
From the study of Çayönü that sequenced cay011: 'we identify Upper Mesopotamia as the likely source of eastern gene flow into Neolithic Anatolia, in line with material culture evidence.'
There is a new abstract of an unpublished study of the ancient Neolithic DNA of the Euphrates river valley in Syria. It concludes: 'Ten individuals from Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Mureybet, Dja’de el Mughara and Tell Halula yielded >6,000 SNPs, and were taken forward for downstream computational analyses. Our preliminary results show that these individuals cluster closely with other Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers from Northern Mesopotamia.'
By 'Northern Mesopotamia' they mean Çayönü, the only other place in Northern Mesopotamia from where we have ancient DNA. So according to the latest ancient DNA evidence, Çayönü was settled by Neolithic farmers from the earlier Neolithic settlements further south along the Euphrates in Syria. This then is a plausible region of origin for the earliest haplogroup G branches.
The full abstract of the unpublished study:
'ANCIENT HUMAN DNA PRESERVATION AND GENETIC AFFINITY OF PRE-POTTERY AND POTTERY NEOLITHIC SITES OF NORTHERN SYRIA
Blevins, Kelly (Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK; Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, USA) - Plug, Jo-Hannah (Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, UK) - Akkermans, Peter (Faculteit Archeologie, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands) - Chamel, Bérénice (Laboratoire Archéorient- Jean Pouilloux, UMR 5133. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Universite Lyon, France; Institut Français du Proche-Orient, CNRS, Lebanon) - Coqueugniot, Éric (Laboratoire Archéorient- Jean Pouilloux, UMR 5133. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Universite Lyon, France) - Molist, Miguel (Departament de Prehistoria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain) - Orange, Marie (Laboratoire Archéorient- Jean Pouilloux, UMR 5133. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Universite Lyon, France; Department of Archaeology, Classics and History, University of New England, Australia) - Pearson, Jessica (Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, UK) - Fernández Domínguez, Eva (Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK)
The Neolithic transition in Southwest Asia led to significant changes in population density and modes of subsistence. Around 12,000 years ago, people began living within semi-permanent structures and became at least partially reliant on agriculture. To understand population movement and contact during the transition to farming in the yet unsampled Middle Euphrates region of Northern Syria, we extracted human DNA from 175 petrous portions and dental pulp chambers from 5 sites spanning the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) to the Pottery Neolithic period (9th to 6th millennium BCE): Cheikh Hassan, Dja’de El Mughara, Tell Mureybet, Tell Halula and Tell Sabi Abyad. Modifications to DNA extraction pre-treatments methods allowed us to increase the amount of endogenous DNA in some of the samples, but preservation was still challenging, and less than 10% of the sampled individuals retained enough DNA after in-solution hybridization capture of 1,350K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ten individuals from Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Mureybet, Dja’de el Mughara and Tell Halula yielded >6,000 SNPs, and were taken forward for downstream computational analyses. Our preliminary results show that these individuals cluster closely with other Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers from Northern Mesopotamia and show affinities to Pre-Pottery groups from the Southern Levant, Anatolia and the Zagros, adding to the tapestry of genetic contributions to the first farmers of Southwest Asia.'
The evidence:
cay011 is G-M201* and negative for known sub-branches, as seen in the G tree and the following ancestral (negative) SNPs:
G1-M342:
1 read F858
1 read Y5796;Z17866
1 read Z3176
1 read Z3295
1 read Z3153
1 read FGC89919
G2-P287:
3 reads M3273;PF2895;M3273
G2a-P15:
1 read Y251;Z3140
2 reads Z6471;M3392;Y348
G2b1-M377:
1 read BY973;FGC32372
G-Y279834:
1 read FT385416
1 read FT385866
G-Y82519:
2 reads BY77414
1 read Y89219
1 read BY212767
1 read C137145
1 read Y96257
1 read Y105999
1 read BY87725
1 read Y90751
G-FGC2964:
1 read FGC3083
1 read FGC2998
1 read FGC7842;FTA67264
1 read FGC2975
1 read BY28047;Y104217
1 read FTA6774
Here is the link to the cay011 T2T BAM file, so you can check this yourself."
